新制度经济学委托代理理论视野的拓展*

新制度经济学中的委托代理理论基于“经济人理性”假定，设计出了精密、精巧、精致的委托代理制度，有效化解了现代企业中委托人与代理人之间利益冲突并提升了企业运营效率。然而，现代企业实践已经证明，即使委托代理制度十分精密、精巧、精致，仍然没有彻底解决委托人与代理人之间的利益冲突和企业运营效率进一步提升问题。因此，必须拓展既有理论视野，从“经济人理性”假定拓展到“经济人+社会人+家庭人复合理性”假定，这样就能够实现委托代理理论视野的拓展。运用新制度经济学研究方法和双边对称信任数理模型表明：基于委托代理制度，进一步强化委托人与代理人之间双边对称信任度，可以进一步化解他们之间的利益冲突并且改善企业运营效率。基于这一结论，强化委托人与代理人之间双边对称信任度的具体路径是优化社会信任环境系统。     

Budget impact analysis of secukinumab versus adalimumab in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis

Background: Biologic treatments have enhanced the treatment outcomes of patients with active ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Until recently, TNF-alpha-inhibitors have been the only biologics approved for the treatment of active AS. The objective of this study was to assess the potential financial impact of the first non-TNF-alpha biologic secukinumab (fully human IL-17A-inhibitor) vs adalimumab (TNF-alpha-inhibitor) in the treatment of AS in Finland.

Materials and methods: In this model-based budget impact analysis, patients were treated either with secukinumab (150?mg) or adalimumab (40?mg). The number of patients and market share of different biologics were based on national reimbursement registry data. Adalimumab was the most commonly used biologic treatment for AS, and in the base case analysis all adalimumab patients are assumed to switch to secukinumab. Response rates were based on a matching-adjusted indirect comparison between secukinumab and adalimumab. Patients not achieving response were switched to another biologic treatment.

Results: Treating AS patients with secukinumab instead of adalimumab leads to potential savings of 18.2 million euros within a 5-year time period. The total costs within the follow-up time were 59.5 million euros and 77.7 million euros with and without secukinumab, respectively. According to sensitivity analyses, a higher adoption rate of secukinumab corresponds to higher potential savings.

Conclusions: Secukinumab is a cost-saving treatment option compared with adalimumab in the treatment of AS in Finland. More patients could be treated with a biologic by allocating resources more efficiently.     

Limitations of portfolio diversification through fat tails of the return Distributions: Some empirical evidence

This study investigates the level of risk due to fat tails of the return distribution and the changes of tail fatness (TF) through portfolio diversification. TF is not eliminated through portfolio diversification, and, interestingly, the positive tail has declining fatness until a certain level is reached, while the negative tail has rising fatness. This indicates that fat tails are highly relevant to common factors on systematic risk and that the relevance of common factors is higher for the negative tail compared to the positive tail. In the portfolio diversification effect, the declining fatness of the positive tail further reduces risk, but the rising fatness of the negative tail does not contribute to this effect. The asymmetry between the fatness of the positive and negative tails in the return distribution corresponds to the asymmetry of the trade-off relationship between loss avoidance and profit sacrifice that is expected as a consequence of portfolio diversification. Investors use portfolio diversification to reduce their risk of suffering high losses, but following this strategy means sacrificing high-profit potential. Our study provides empirical confirmation for the practical limitation of portfolio diversification and explains why investors with diversified portfolios suffer high losses from market crashes. An examination of the Northeast Asian stock markets of China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan show identical results.     

Existence of solutions to principal–agent problems with adverse selection under minimal assumptions

We prove an existence result for the principal–agent problem with adverse selection under general assumptions on preferences and allocation spaces. Instead of assuming that the allocation space is finite-dimensional or compact, we consider a more general coercivity condition which takes into account the principal’s cost and the agents’ preferences. Our existence proof is simple and flexible enough to adapt to partial participation models as well as to the case of type-dependent budget constraints.     

从交易成本角度看我国中小企业融资难的问题

中小企业融资难是长期以来讨论的一个热门话题,运用新制度学派的交易成本理论来解释这一现象。我国银行的运行制度、组织制度、外部并不完善的市场经济体系等一系列制度的运行,造成了我国中小企业融资的交易成本过高,并成为中小企业融资的一种瓶颈。     

国有企业委托代理关系分析及建议

改革开放20多年来国有企业改革的重点一直放在政府与企业的关系问题上,而这一问题至今仍未得到完全解决。我国的国有企业委托代理关系,无论从历史还是从现实都存在一定的问题。重点从委托代理的角度,探讨政府与企业关系问题,并提出一些设想。     

论为纳税人服务

本文从税收的性质、纳税人的法律地位和政府职能转变三个角度,论述了为纳税人服务的理论依据,同时借鉴国外为纳税人服务的经验,分析了为纳税人服务理念下的公共产品提供、税收政策、制度和措施.     

保险代理人销售寿险商品中出现的问题

作者通过对几家寿险公司实地考察 ,指出了保险代理人销售寿险商品出现的问题 ,并分析了其产生的原因 ,从而提出了解决这些问题的具体办法。     

民营企业委托—代理关系中的激励和约束机制

在民营企业的委托—代理关系中,民营企业主与职业经理人之间的冲突源于双方的目标追求不一致和双方信息不对称两大问题。解决这两大问题的方法,不仅需要对职业经理人实行激励机制,而且需要有效的监督和约束机制。     

基于多AGENT的供应链管理系统设计

以Agent技术为基础并以CORBA为分布式规范对供应链管理系统框架设计进行探讨。认为该类平台的设计实现 ,对于供应链的整合 ,从而提高企业的市场竞争力具有一定的理论意义和实际应用价值。